作者:Zhaosheng Jin,Tong J. Gan

單位:美國紐約州石溪市紐約州立大學(xué)石溪分校健康科學(xué)中心麻醉科,美國紐約 

通信作者:Tong J. Gan

翻譯:趙夢(mèng)蕓,裴麗堅(jiān)

審校:黃宇光

文章來源:協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,10(6):553-556.


加速康復(fù)臨床路徑(enhanced recovery pathways, ERPs)指一系列的干預(yù)措施,一旦應(yīng)用,可改善患者手術(shù)后的臨床預(yù)后。盡管加速康復(fù)的概念在20世紀(jì)90年代就已提出[1-2],但直到很久后,這種做法才獲得廣泛認(rèn)可。鑒于加速康復(fù)項(xiàng)目獲得的成功及其積極結(jié)果,以及來自加速康復(fù)學(xué)會(huì)的倡導(dǎo)[3-4],ERPs現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于各類手術(shù)中。本文主要討論ERPs的基本原則、現(xiàn)狀以及未來的發(fā)展方向。



1 加速康復(fù)臨床路徑的基本原則


1.1 促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù)至正常

加速康復(fù)的初心遵循一個(gè)基本認(rèn)知——盡管手術(shù)成功具有顯著的治療獲益,但也經(jīng)常伴隨嚴(yán)重的生理紊亂(呼吸循環(huán)、腎、胃腸道和免疫等)[5]和功能紊亂(經(jīng)口進(jìn)食、睡眠、活動(dòng)和認(rèn)知等)[6-7]。ERPs致力于最大限度地減輕上述問題并優(yōu)化康復(fù)過程。 


1.2 全方位的圍手術(shù)期干預(yù)措施

加速康復(fù)中最重要的醫(yī)療模式的轉(zhuǎn)變是將關(guān)注點(diǎn)從手術(shù)本身轉(zhuǎn)移至更廣泛的圍手術(shù)期。這包括醫(yī)療優(yōu)化、患者教育、最大限度地減少術(shù)前禁食和腸道準(zhǔn)備,同時(shí)積極鼓勵(lì)恢復(fù)功能至正常(如經(jīng)口進(jìn)食和術(shù)后活動(dòng)),并監(jiān)測(cè)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[8-9]。


1.3 多學(xué)科參與和教育

實(shí)施ERPs最重要的是多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)的參與。這不足為奇,手術(shù)前優(yōu)化患者健康和功能狀態(tài)需要專業(yè)知識(shí)和技能;術(shù)中最大限度地減少手術(shù)應(yīng)激;并最大限度地促進(jìn)術(shù)后康復(fù)[10]。在更廣泛的前提下,ERPs的實(shí)施還依賴于大量的非臨床工作者,其中包括文職人員、管理人員和其他支持團(tuán)隊(duì)。


1.4 基于循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的干預(yù)措施

為了確保ERPs的實(shí)施能夠改善預(yù)后并具有成本效益,僅選擇可能有益的干預(yù)措施至關(guān)重要。ERPs的實(shí)施通常以患者預(yù)后為出發(fā)點(diǎn),以臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)、臨床觀察和專家共識(shí)作為指導(dǎo)[11]。除了基于“外部”證據(jù)外,幾乎所有成功的ERPs都包括監(jiān)測(cè)干預(yù)的依從性及其與預(yù)后相關(guān)性的分析系統(tǒng)[12]。使用“內(nèi)部”數(shù)據(jù),使加速康復(fù)計(jì)劃能夠?qū)⑵滟Y源分配重點(diǎn)放于最有效的干預(yù)措施和依從性差的措施中[13]。



2 加速康復(fù)臨床路徑的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀


2.1 適用范圍

ERPs最初僅應(yīng)用于結(jié)直腸和心臟手術(shù),由于觀察到在其他外科應(yīng)用后患者預(yù)后亦有改善,ERPs目前已應(yīng)用于包括骨科、泌尿外科和婦產(chǎn)科等多個(gè)學(xué)科中[14-18]。


2.2 局限性

ERPs的前提是術(shù)后康復(fù),這是一個(gè)可以通過積極干預(yù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化的過程,但并不一定適用于所有手術(shù)患者。如年齡較大或虛弱的患者機(jī)體生理儲(chǔ)備較少,康復(fù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),且可能無法遵從如早活動(dòng)等體力要求較高的干預(yù)措施[19];受限于術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,通常無法對(duì)急診手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,有學(xué)者擔(dān)心在這種情況下,某些加速康復(fù)干預(yù)措施可能無效,并可能導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的后果,例如術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和再入院率增加[20-21]。另一方面,這也進(jìn)一步促成了這一特殊群體ERPs的發(fā)展。


2.3 特殊群體加速康復(fù)臨床路徑


2.3.1高齡/虛弱患者

患者年齡是許多手術(shù)中的重要預(yù)后因素(年齡越大,預(yù)后越差),這與高齡患者術(shù)前伴發(fā)合并癥幾率增加、機(jī)體生理儲(chǔ)備降低以及功能下降相關(guān)(圖1),與圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、死亡率增加均密切相關(guān)。


圖 1隨年齡增長(zhǎng)伴發(fā)合并癥患者比例[23]


此外,虛弱用于描述與衰老過程和機(jī)體儲(chǔ)備能力喪失相關(guān)的健康狀況,并通常采用功能量表進(jìn)行評(píng)分[22-23]。


高齡和虛弱均可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后康復(fù)顯著減緩。研究顯示,加速康復(fù)計(jì)劃中納入的老年患者,其住院時(shí)間顯著延長(zhǎng)[20,24-25],并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高[20]且依從性更差。


當(dāng)然,可以認(rèn)為這些觀察性研究未考慮到高齡或虛弱患者較長(zhǎng)的術(shù)后自行恢復(fù)過程,且與基線相比,ERPs仍可能改善預(yù)后。實(shí)際上,最新研究報(bào)道,高齡與ERPs干預(yù)的依從性顯著降低無關(guān)[24,26]。


此外,與傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)后管理相比,外科(骨科、結(jié)直腸和神經(jīng)外科)老年患者的加速康復(fù)干預(yù)與住院時(shí)間顯著縮短、并發(fā)癥/再入院率不顯著增加相關(guān)[27-30]。


同樣,Hampton等[31]報(bào)道,極度虛弱指數(shù)與患者對(duì)ERPs的依從性較低無關(guān),同時(shí)加速康復(fù)干預(yù)與虛弱患者的住院時(shí)間顯著縮短、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率降低相關(guān)。這表明無論患者的年齡和身體狀況如何,ERPs均有益。



2.3.2急診手術(shù)患者

盡管通常術(shù)前優(yōu)化時(shí)間有限,急診手術(shù)患者仍可能在ERPs的術(shù)中和術(shù)后實(shí)施中獲益。


最新研究指出,進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)明的術(shù)前患者教育,同時(shí)采取ERPs術(shù)中和術(shù)后干預(yù)措施,如目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向液體治療、多模式疼痛、術(shù)后惡心嘔吐預(yù)防、早期活動(dòng)和進(jìn)食等[32-33]。這些干預(yù)措施可顯著縮短住院時(shí)間[33-34],降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[33,35]。



3 展望


ERPs可以被認(rèn)為是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、多學(xué)科合作和基于循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),以改善手術(shù)治療和患者預(yù)后的方法。


盡管ERPs傳統(tǒng)上側(cè)重用于能夠耐受術(shù)后康復(fù)過程的擇期手術(shù)患者,但越來越多的證據(jù)表明,該路徑可以針對(duì)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的高齡/虛弱患者以及接受急診手術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行改良。


當(dāng)然,這仍然需要更多的研究以確定在這些患者中實(shí)施ERPs的具體需求和挑戰(zhàn)。



參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Kehlet H, Mogensen T. Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy with a multimodal rehabilitation programme[J]. Br J Surg,1999,86:227-230.


[2]Engelman RM, Rousou JA, Flack JE, et al. Fast-track recovery of the coronary bypass patient[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,1994,58:1742-1746.


[3]Moonesinghe SR, Grocott MPW, Bennett-Guerrero E, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) and Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) joint consensus statement on measurement to maintain and improve quality of enhanced recovery pathways for elective colorectal surgery[J]. Perioper Med (Lond), 2017,6:6.


[4]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colorectal Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS((R))) Society Recommendations: 2018[J]. World J Surg, 2019,43:659-695.


[5]Carli F. Physiologic considerations of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs: implications of the stress response[J]. Can J Anaesth, 2015,62:110-119.


[6]de Almeida EPM, de Almeida JP, Landoni G, et al. Early mobilization programme improves functional capacity after major abdominal cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Br J Anaesth,2017,119:900-907.


[7]Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery[J]. Clin Nutr,2017,36:623-650.


[8]Holubar SD, Hedrick T, Gupta R, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) and Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) joint consensus statement on prevention of postoperative infection within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery[J]. Perioper Med (Lond), 2017,6:4.


[9]Thiele RH, Raghunathan K, Brudney CS, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) and Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) joint consensus statement on perioperative fluid management within an enhanced recovery pathway for colorectal surgery[J]. Perioper Med (Lond),2016,5:24.


[10]Cohen R, Gooberman-Hill R. Staff experiences of enhanced recovery after surgery: systematic review of qualitative studies[J]. BMJ Open, 2019,9:e022259.


[11]Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: A Review[J]. JAMA Surg,2017,152:292-298.


[12]Warner SG, Jutric Z, Nisimova L, et al. Early recovery pathway for hepatectomy: data-driven liver resection care and recovery[J]. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2017,6:297-311.


[13]Nelson G, Kiyang LN, Crumley ET, et al. Implementation of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Across a Provincial Healthcare System: The ERAS Alberta Colorectal Surgery Experience[J]. World J Surg, 2016,40:1092-1103.


[14]Corso E, Hind D, Beever D, et al. Enhanced recovery after elective caesarean: a rapid review of clinical protocols, and an umbrella review of systematic reviews[J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2017,17:91.


[15]Zhu S, Qian W, Jiang C, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery for hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Postgrad Med J,2017,93:736-742.


[16]Ding J, Sun B, Song P, et al. The application of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)/fast-track surgery in gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Oncotarget, 2017,8:75699-75711.


[17]Bazargani ST, Djaladat H, Ahmadi H, et al. Gastrointestinal Complications Following Radical Cystectomy Using Enhanced Recovery Protocol[J]. Eur Urol Focus,2018,4:889-894.


[18]Carter-Brooks CM, Du AL, Ruppert KM, et al. Implementation of a urogynecology-specific enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2018,219:495,e1-e10.


[19]Keller DS, Bankwitz B, Nobel T, et al. Using frailty to predict who will fail early discharge after laparoscopic colorectal surgery with an established recovery pathway[J]. Dis Colon Rectum,2014,57:337-342.


[20]Khan MA, Pandey S. Clinical outcomes of the very elderly undergoing enhanced recovery programmes in elective colorectal surgery[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2016,98:29-33. 


[21]Lau CS, Chamberlain RS. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Programs Improve Patient Outcomes and Recovery: A Meta-analysis[J]. World J Surg, 2017,41:899-913.


[22]Perna S, Francis MD, Bologna C, et al. Performance of Edmonton Frail Scale on frailty assessment: its association with multi-dimensional geriatric conditions assessed with specific screening tools[J]. BMC Geriatr, 2017,17:2.


[23]Gan TJ, Scott M, Thacker J, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery: Advancing Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Medicine[J]. Anesth Analg, 2018,126:1870-1873.


[24]Slieker J, Frauche P, Jurt J, et al. Enhanced recovery ERAS for elderly: a safe and beneficial pathway in colorectal surgery[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2017,32:215-221.


[25]de Nonneville A, Jauffret C, Braticevic C, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery program in older patients undergoing gynaecologic oncological surgery is feasible and safe[J]. Gynecol Oncol,2018,151:471-476. 


[26]Hallam S, Rickard F, Reeves N, et al. Compliance with enhanced recovery protocols in elderly patients undergoing colorectal resection[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2018,100:570-579. 


[27]Fagard K, Wolthuis A, DHoore A, et al. A systematic review of the intervention components, adherence and outcomes of enhanced recovery programmes in older patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery[J]. BMC Geriatr,2019,19:157. 


[28]Zeng WG, Liu MJ, Zhou ZX, et al. Enhanced recovery programme following laparoscopic colorectal resection for elderly patients[J]. ANZ J Surg, 2018,88:582-586. 


[29]Han H, Guo S, Jiang H, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in Chinese elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm[J]. Clin Interv Aging,2019,14:203-207.


[30]Starks I, Wainwright TW, Lewis J, et al. Older patients have the most to gain from orthopaedic enhanced recovery programmes[J]. Age Ageing, 2014,43:642-648. 


[31]Hampton JP, Owodunni OP, Bettick D, et al. Compliance to an enhanced recovery pathway among patients with a high frailty index after major gastrointestinal surgery results in improved 30-day outcomes[J]. Surgery, 2019,166:75-81. 


[32]Lohsiriwat V. Enhanced recovery after surgery vs conventional care in emergency colorectal surgery[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014,20:13950-13955. 


[33]Shang Y, Guo C, Zhang D. Modified enhanced recovery after surgery protocols are beneficial for postoperative recovery for patients undergoing emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer: A propensity score matching analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018,97:e12348.


[34]Gonenc M, Dural AC, Celik F, et al. Enhanced postopera-tive recovery pathways in emergency surgery: a randomised controlled clinical trial[J]. Am J Surg,2014,207:807-814.


[35]Wisely JC, Barclay KL. Effects of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery programme on emergency surgical patients[J]. ANZ J Surg, 2016,86:883-888. 



第一作者


Zhaosheng Jin

美國紐約州石溪市紐約州立大學(xué)石溪分校健康科學(xué)中心麻醉科研究員。


通信作者


Tong J.Gan

美國紐約州石溪大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉科教授兼主任

美國麻省大學(xué)工商管理碩士

美國杜克大學(xué)臨床研究科碩士

英國倫敦大學(xué)內(nèi)外科醫(yī)學(xué)士

英國倫敦大學(xué)麻醉科醫(yī)學(xué)博士

英國皇家麻醉科學(xué)院院士

愛爾蘭皇家麻醉科學(xué)院院士

英國針灸學(xué)院院士



翻   譯


趙夢(mèng)蕓

北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科住院醫(yī)師,在讀臨床博士后。

2011-2019年就讀于北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院臨床醫(yī)學(xué)八年制專業(yè)。



翻   譯


裴麗堅(jiān)

副主任醫(yī)師,副教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科副主任。

中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)麻醉學(xué)分會(huì)臨床麻醉質(zhì)量管理學(xué)組(麻醉安全及改善術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸學(xué)組)工作秘書,國際麻醉與患者預(yù)后研究聯(lián)盟委員。

臨床特長(zhǎng):①腫瘤患者的麻醉與術(shù)后快速康復(fù);②腫瘤患者急慢性疼痛的規(guī)范化治療。



審   校


黃宇光

北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科主任,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉學(xué)系主任。

中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)麻醉學(xué)分會(huì)主任委員兼ERAS學(xué)組組長(zhǎng),國家麻醉專業(yè)質(zhì)控中心主任,中國日間手術(shù)合作聯(lián)盟副主席,世界麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)盟(WFSA)常務(wù)理事,2018年獲愛爾蘭國立麻醉醫(yī)師學(xué)院榮譽(yù)院士,第十三屆全國政協(xié)委員及教科文衛(wèi)委員會(huì)委員。

在Lancet,British Journal of Anaesthesia,Anesthesia & Analgesia等國際權(quán)威雜志發(fā)表SCI論文50余篇。


 版權(quán)聲明:

       協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)雜志倡導(dǎo)尊重和保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。歡迎轉(zhuǎn)載、引用,但需取得本平臺(tái)授權(quán)。如您對(duì)文章內(nèi)容版權(quán)存疑,請(qǐng)發(fā)送郵件medj@pumch.cn,我們會(huì)與您及時(shí)溝通處理。本站內(nèi)容及圖片僅供參考、學(xué)習(xí)使用,不為盈利且不作為診斷、醫(yī)療根據(jù)。


加速康復(fù)臨床路徑優(yōu)化:未來的發(fā)展方向

圖文簡(jiǎn)介

加速康復(fù)臨床路徑(enhanced recovery pathways, ERPs)指一系列的干預(yù)措施,一旦應(yīng)用,可改善患者手術(shù)后的臨床預(yù)后。